Selecting a topic
There are two important components in topic selection:
1. Make sure you have an interest in the topic. This will ensure the literature review process is enjoyable and you are motivated to do it!
2. Choose a topic that has been researched. You won't be able to write a literature review about a topic that has no literature!
You will need to test your potential topic first by doing a preliminary search to see what research is out there BEFORE you commit to the topic
3. Have some background knowledge on the topic. Use a reliable source, like an encyclopedia to give you a general understanding of your topic before you begin your research. Encyclopedias can be general, or they can be specialised, like Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
Wikipedia is not a reliable source.
4. Determine the scope of your topic. The narrower your chosen topic, the easier it will be to find literature.
Gestational diabetes is too broad a topic. You will have too much literature to search through and you may find the literature doesn't deal effectively with a broad topic like this, as it will hone in on a specific aspect of gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes in geriatric mothers narrows the broader topic of gestation diabetes to women of a certain age.
Gestational diabetes in geriatric Pasifika and Māori mothers narrows it even further by adding ethnicity to the scope.
Remember, before you commit to a narrowed scope, you will need to test your topic to make sure there is enough literature on it to conduct a review.
Formulating a research question
Check you understand your assignment. You should know the purpose: Is it to propose and defend a theory? Is it to analyse gaps in existing research? Is it to explore and test an existing theory or research data?
If you are not sure, talk to your tutor. It is really important that before you begin, you know exactly what is being asked of you.
Choose a topic. You may have been given a list of topics to choose from, or a subject area from which to choose your own, original topic. Make sure you choose a topic that interests you. Finding time and motivation to carry out the research will be easier if you are invested in something.
Do prior research. You need to be confident that you will find information on your topic before you commit to it. Check your scope isn't too narrow, and that what you want to explore has existing literature on it. If it's hard to find information on your topic from academic sources, you will either need to find a new topic or change the area you want to focus on.
You do not need to do in-depth reading at this stage. You just need to get an idea of what's out there. Make sure you pay attention to publication date when you do this; it is advisable to use recent research, depending on the context of your topic. Check if your assignment stipulates a publication date range.
Find a research focus. Now you know what's out there, you should be able to narrow your topic. Focus on one issue within the larger topic. You'll be able to provide a meatier argument on one subtopic, than if you attempt to examine a handful.
You could look at issues that affect:
You could brainstorm:
| Broad topic | Restricted topic | Narrowed topic | Research question |
| Climate change | Sea level rise | Sea incursion in urban areas | How might sea level rise affect population displacement? |
| Covid19 | Vaccination | High vaccination rates amongst Pasifika | What factors have influenced a high vaccination rate in the Pasifika community? |
| Social media | Algorithms feeding targeted information | How does the 'echo chamber' effect of Facebook's algorithms affect political polling? |
Write your question. Use the above guidelines for constructing an effective research question.
A good research question will:
Have a clear meaning. The writer should know immediately what the question is asking them to do.
Have suitable scope. If your scope is too broad, you will have too much to cover and won't be able answer your question effectively. However, if your scope is too narrow, you won't have enough to write about and it will be hard to provide a convincing thesis or argument.
Be manageable to answer. If it is too difficult to answer, you may struggle to stick to your word count, or complete the assignment within the required timeframe. However, a question that is too easy to answer will not allow you to form a solid and original argument.
Have information available on the topic. A research question must be researchable. You should be able to find adequate academic sources that cover the topic, otherwise you are really going to struggle to answer your question.
Allow you to formulate an argument. You should be providing analysis, not merely reporting back on a topic or describing it.